tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80867900622126761052024-02-20T12:50:52.852-08:00cureMSutahNational MS Society - Utah State Chapterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11582417906143203522noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8086790062212676105.post-9814004670159192402009-08-14T10:08:00.000-07:002009-08-14T10:13:05.488-07:00Team Land Rover Orbea / MS Training RideTeam Land Rover Orbea along with Contender Bicycles hosted a training ride to benefit the National MS Society Utah State Chapter.<br /><br /><object width="400" height="227"><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><param name="movie" value="http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=6100735&server=vimeo.com&show_title=1&show_byline=1&show_portrait=0&color=&fullscreen=1"><embed src="http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=6100735&server=vimeo.com&show_title=1&show_byline=1&show_portrait=0&color=&fullscreen=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="400" height="227"></embed></object><p><a href="http://vimeo.com/6100735">Team Land Rover Orbea Training Ride</a> from <a href="http://vimeo.com/fredcast">The FredCast</a> on <a href="http://vimeo.com/">Vimeo</a>.</p><p><br /></p>National MS Society - Utah State Chapterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11582417906143203522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8086790062212676105.post-90842773607353951832009-06-30T11:05:00.001-07:002009-06-30T11:05:58.493-07:00Bike MS 2009 Start Line<div style="float: right; margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><object type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="260" height="195" data="http://www.flickr.com/apps/video/stewart.swf?v=71377" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"> <param name="flashvars" value="intl_lang=en-us&photo_secret=c471440b3f&photo_id=3664508657&flickr_show_info_box=true"></param> <param name="movie" value="http://www.flickr.com/apps/video/stewart.swf?v=71377"></param> <param name="bgcolor" value="#000000"></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://www.flickr.com/apps/video/stewart.swf?v=71377" bgcolor="#000000" allowfullscreen="true" flashvars="intl_lang=en-us&photo_secret=c471440b3f&photo_id=3664508657&flickr_show_info_box=true" height="195" width="260"></embed></object><br /><span style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/curemsutah/3664508657/">Startline 2009</a><br />Originally uploaded by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/curemsutah/">cureMSutah.org</a></span></div>The Bike MS 2009, Harmons Best Dam Bike Tour, was a huge success. Nearly 3000 riders and over 350 volunteers made this years event the best ever! <br /><br />You can see more videos at http://www.youtube.com/user/bikeMSutah<br /><br />and photos at http://www.flickr.com/photos/curemsutah/sets/72157620634398387/<br clear="all" />National MS Society - Utah State Chapterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11582417906143203522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8086790062212676105.post-62066320772958395972009-05-28T08:21:00.001-07:002009-05-28T08:21:47.810-07:00World MS Day Clip<object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/NJzyfR6dbT8&color1=0xb1b1b1&color2=0xcfcfcf&hl=en&feature=player_embedded&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/NJzyfR6dbT8&color1=0xb1b1b1&color2=0xcfcfcf&hl=en&feature=player_embedded&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>National MS Society - Utah State Chapterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11582417906143203522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8086790062212676105.post-18591676757886178182009-05-27T11:12:00.000-07:002009-05-27T11:26:34.971-07:00David Archuletta Boosts MS Donations<script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript" src="http://kutv.img.entriq.net/dayportcore/dpm/DayPortPlayers.js"></script><script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">DayPortPlayer.newPlayer({articleID:"89367",bannerAdConDefID:"31",videoAdObjectID:"30",videoAdConDefID:"11",playVideoAds:"true",autoPlay:"true",categoryID:"1841",accPos:"CCTVI.VIDEO.LOCAL",accSite:"KUTV",rootCategory:"0",playerInstanceID:"6079F2D7-64DE-7731-AEBE-0BBA248311D6",domain:"kutv.dayport.com"});</script><br /><br /><script type='text/javascript' src='http://kstu-video.trb.com/global/video/videoplayer.js?rnd=154636;hostDomain=kstu-video.trb.com;playerWidth=400;playerHeight=355;isShowIcon=true;clipId=3801468;playerType=STANDARD_EMBEDDEDscript'></script>National MS Society - Utah State Chapterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11582417906143203522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8086790062212676105.post-29123545675090897452009-05-08T10:16:00.000-07:002009-05-08T10:24:21.071-07:00The Amazing Race Host Continues RideThe Amazing Race Host Phil Keoghan continues his ride across America to raise awareness of MS and MS research. He was in Washington DC this past week. Here is a short clip of the news report.<br /><br /><object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=9,0,0,0" id="embeddedplayer" width="320" height="305"><param name="movie" value="http://gannett.a.mms.mavenapps.net/mms/rt/1/site/gannett-wusa-3312-pub01-live/current/immersiveplayer/immersive/client/embedded/embedded.swf"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"><param name="scale" value="noscale"><param name="salign" value="LT"><param name="bgcolor" value="#000000"><param name="wmode" value="window"><param name="FlashVars" value="playerId=immersiveplayer&referralObject=1114765040&referralPlaylistId=playlist&adServerBasePath=http://gannett.gcion.com/adrawdata/.0/5111.1/506971/0/0/header=yes;cc=2;cookie=info;alias=&adPositionId=video_prestream&adSiteId=video.wusatv9.com/&gpaperCode=gntbcstwusa&marketName=Washington, DC&division=broadcast&pageContentCategory=video&pageContentSubcategory=immersiveplayer"><embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://gannett.a.mms.mavenapps.net/mms/rt/1/site/gannett-wusa-3312-pub01-live/current/immersiveplayer/immersive/client/embedded/embedded.swf" id="embeddedplayer" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" menu="false" quality="high" play="false" name="immersiveplayer" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" scale="noscale" salign="LT" bgcolor="#000000" wmode="window" flashvars="playerId=immersiveplayer&referralObject=1114765040&referralPlaylistId=playlist&adServerBasePath=http://gannett.gcion.com/adrawdata/.0/5111.1/506971/0/0/header=yes;cc=2;cookie=info;alias=&adPositionId=video_prestream&adSiteId=video.wusatv9.com/&gpaperCode=gntbcstwusa&marketName=Washington, DC&division=broadcast&pageContentCategory=video&pageContentSubcategory=immersiveplayer" width="320" height="305"></embed></object>National MS Society - Utah State Chapterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11582417906143203522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8086790062212676105.post-37963814124198710902009-04-23T11:00:00.000-07:002009-04-23T11:02:43.953-07:00Walk MS Cedar City In The NewsThe Cedar City Walk MS got some coverage today in the SUU Journal.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.suujournal.com/home/index.cfm?event=displayArticle&uStory_id=9bd3a714-4ccf-4697-94d8-83213c7761d4">http://www.suujournal.com/home/index.cfm?event=displayArticle&uStory_id=9bd3a714-4ccf-4697-94d8-83213c7761d4</a>National MS Society - Utah State Chapterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11582417906143203522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8086790062212676105.post-4678403542860394022009-04-22T15:02:00.000-07:002009-04-22T15:33:27.414-07:00Walk MS 2009 Salt Lake City Team Photos<p><object height="300" width="400"><param name="flashvars" value="offsite=true&lang=en-us&page_show_url=%2Fphotos%2Fcuremsutah%2Fsets%2F72157617102785111%2Fshow%2F&page_show_back_url=%2Fphotos%2Fcuremsutah%2Fsets%2F72157617102785111%2F&set_id=72157617102785111&jump_to="><param name="movie" value="http://www.flickr.com/apps/slideshow/show.swf?v=70933"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><br /> <embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://www.flickr.com/apps/slideshow/show.swf?v=70933" allowfullscreen="true" flashvars="offsite=true&lang=en-us&page_show_url=%2Fphotos%2Fcuremsutah%2Fsets%2F72157617102785111%2Fshow%2F&page_show_back_url=%2Fphotos%2Fcuremsutah%2Fsets%2F72157617102785111%2F&set_id=72157617102785111&jump_to=" width="400" height="300"></embed></object><br /><br />A big thanks again to all the teams and individuals that helped make this year's walk in Salt Lake City, such a wonderful success. To date, we've raised $210,000! Amazing. We're so lucky to be supported by such a passionate group of people who are working towards a world free of MS. </p><p>You can download the images on flickr: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/curemsutah/">http://www.flickr.com/photos/curemsutah/</a></p>National MS Society - Utah State Chapterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11582417906143203522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8086790062212676105.post-19847410884862695092009-04-15T15:18:00.000-07:002009-04-15T15:22:11.663-07:00Even Darth Wants To Find A CureAt the Salt Lake City Walk MS 2009 Darth came out and showed his support of the cause. Maybe he ain't so bad after all.<br /><br /><object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/RP2uqqX0Ssg&hl=en&fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/RP2uqqX0Ssg&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><br />Additional Videos of Salt Lake City Participants can be found at: <a href="http://iwalkbecause.org/videos/filter/utiwb2009">http://iwalkbecause.org/videos/filter/utiwb2009</a>National MS Society - Utah State Chapterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11582417906143203522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8086790062212676105.post-3579210587835471562009-04-14T08:41:00.000-07:002009-04-14T08:45:05.969-07:00Thank You, Thank You, Thank You!A Huge Thank You to all the volunteers and participants that made the 2009 Walk MS Salt Lake City Such a success!<br /><br />Here is a quick video by one of the participants.<br /><br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/6_te1Owsr6w&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/6_te1Owsr6w&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>National MS Society - Utah State Chapterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11582417906143203522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8086790062212676105.post-40688181433369688002009-04-01T17:13:00.000-07:002009-04-01T17:20:09.901-07:002009 Walk MS Photos: St. George<p align="left"></p><br /><p align="center"><br /><object height="300" width="400"><param name="flashvars" value="&offsite=true&lang=en-us&page_show_url=%2Fphotos%2Fcuremsutah%2Fsets%2F72157616238033248%2Fshow%2F&page_show_back_url=%2Fphotos%2Fcuremsutah%2Fsets%2F72157616238033248%2F&set_id=72157616238033248&jump_to="><param name="movie" value="http://www.flickr.com/apps/slideshow/show.swf?v=69832"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><br /> <embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://www.flickr.com/apps/slideshow/show.swf?v=69832" allowfullscreen="true" flashvars="&offsite=true&lang=en-us&page_show_url=%2Fphotos%2Fcuremsutah%2Fsets%2F72157616238033248%2Fshow%2F&page_show_back_url=%2Fphotos%2Fcuremsutah%2Fsets%2F72157616238033248%2F&set_id=72157616238033248&jump_to=" width="400" height="300"></embed></object></p>National MS Society - Utah State Chapterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11582417906143203522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8086790062212676105.post-46880614086521029272009-03-10T11:48:00.000-07:002009-03-10T11:50:41.222-07:00Our New Web Widget<object id="playerLoader" codebase="http://fpdownload.macromedia.com/get/flashplayer/current/swflash.cab" height="271" width="300" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000"><param name="_cx" value="7938"><param name="_cy" value="7170"><param name="FlashVars" value=""><param name="Movie" value="http://farm.sproutbuilder.com/load/QQCHBHCrErO3uAEt.swf"><param name="Src" value="http://farm.sproutbuilder.com/load/QQCHBHCrErO3uAEt.swf"><param name="WMode" value="Transparent"><param name="Play" value="-1"><param name="Loop" value="-1"><param name="Quality" value="High"><param name="SAlign" value=""><param name="Menu" value="-1"><param name="Base" value=""><param name="AllowScriptAccess" value="always"><param name="Scale" value="ShowAll"><param name="DeviceFont" value="0"><param name="EmbedMovie" value="0"><param name="BGColor" value=""><param name="SWRemote" value=""><param name="MovieData" value=""><param name="SeamlessTabbing" value="1"><param name="Profile" value="0"><param name="ProfileAddress" value=""><param name="ProfilePort" value="0"><param name="AllowNetworking" value="all"><param name="AllowFullScreen" value="true"><embed src="http://farm.sproutbuilder.com/load/QQCHBHCrErO3uAEt.swf" width="300" height="271" name="playerLoader" align="middle" wmode="transparent" play="true" loop="false" quality="best" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.adobe.com/go/getflashplayer"></embed></object><img style="VISIBILITY: hidden; WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 0px" height="0" src="http://counters.gigya.com/wildfire/IMP/CXNID=2000002.0NXC/bT*xJmx*PTEyMzYyOTU1ODAzNTQmcHQ9MTIzNjI5NTU4MTYyMiZwPTEyMDc*MSZkPVFRQ*hCSENyRXJPM3VBRXQmZz*yJnQ9Jm89ZWZkMWMzZjUzZTQwNDA1ZmE4YjcyZTg*NTU5NGYwMjU=.gif" width="0" border="0" /><br />Our new web widget. Embed it on your site today!National MS Society - Utah State Chapterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11582417906143203522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8086790062212676105.post-70309309643998962062009-03-10T11:35:00.000-07:002009-03-10T11:37:18.451-07:00Fampridine-SR Improves Walking Speed in All Types of MS in Second Phase 3 StudyWalking speed improved significantly in a clinical trial of 240 people with all types of MS taking Fampridine-SR (MS-F204, Acorda Therapeutics, Inc.) compared with those taking inactive placebo. Fampridine-SR is a sustained-release formula of 4-aminopyridine, which temporarily enhances nerve signaling. These phase 3 study results are reported by Acorda in a press release dated June 2, 2008. The company is planning to file for approval of this drug to treat mobility issues in MS in 2009.<br /><br />Background: Problems with <a title="Walking (Gait), Balance, & Coordination Problems" href="http://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/symptoms/walking-gait-problems/index.aspx" target="_self">gait (difficulty in walking)</a> are among the most common mobility limitations in MS. Fampridine-SR is a sustained-release formula of 4-aminopyridine, which blocks tiny pores, or potassium channels, on the surface of nerve fibers. This blocking ability may improve the conduction of nerve signals in nerve fibers whose insulating myelin coating has been damaged by MS. The first studies of this potassium-blocking approach in people with MS were supported by the National MS Society.<br /><br />In an earlier phase 3 study of 283 people with all types of MS, walking speed increased by 25% compared with placebo. Two serious adverse events led patients to discontinue Fampridine – one case of anxiety and one seizure in a person who developed sepsis from a urinary tract infection. (Abstract #S32.003, AAN 2007)<br /><br />The Study: Investigators at 39 sites in the United States and Canada recruited 240 people with all types of MS between 18 and 70 years old with some degree of walking disability. Participants were randomly assigned to receive Fampridine-SR (10 mg twice a day) or inactive placebo. The primary endpoint of the study was response on the Timed 25-Foot Walk, in which a patient is directed to one end of a clearly marked 25-foot course and is instructed to walk 25 feet as quickly as possible, but safely.<br /><br />Results: A significantly greater proportion of people taking Fampridine-SR in the trial had a consistent improvement in walking speed compared to people taking placebo (42.9% vs. 9.3%). Among those taking Fampridine-SR who improved in walking speed, there was a statistically significant improvement in leg strength.<br /><br />There were three serious adverse events that led to participants leaving the study. In the Fampridine-SR group, one participant had a knee fracture, which was not considered to be related to the treatment. In the placebo group, one individual experienced a partial seizure and another experienced a combination of chest tightness and gastric reflux. Other adverse events reported in the Fampridine-SR treatment group included urinary tract infection, falls, insomnia, and headache.<br /><br />Further, comprehensive data from this study will be presented at an upcoming medical meeting, according to the press release. “We look forward to hearing more information about this study,” says John Richert, MD, Executive Vice President of Research & Clinical Programs for the National MS Society. “If the FDA agrees that Fampridine is safe and effective, it would bring a welcome symptomatic therapy that has potential utility for a large number of people with different types of MS.”National MS Society - Utah State Chapterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11582417906143203522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8086790062212676105.post-73852165949518909172009-03-10T08:51:00.000-07:002009-03-10T10:21:17.449-07:00The Amazing Race Across America To Cure MSPhil Keoghan, host of CBS’s The Amazing Race, trained in real-time in the heart of Times Square to raise awareness for MS Awareness Week and in preparation for "Phil Keoghan of the Amazing Race Riding Across America presented by GNC Live Well" Leading into the event was a live segment on the CBS Early show after which, he rode to Times Square on his bike, accompanied by Becca Kornfeld, who coordinated this muti-part event, on her bike. Keoghan also opened the NASDAQ on behalf of the Society and for MS Awareness Week. He was accompanied by 45 volunteers and staff, 15 of whom were Bike MS cyclists who joined him in a cycle-thon in Times Square right after the NASDAQ sidebar.<br /><br />To add to the excitement of the Times Square cycle-thon, the event was set off by the Society’s Bike MS and Strike Out MS PSAs playing on the world’s largest digital billboards – at Reuters and the NASDAQ Tower.<br /><br />Below is a clip of the CBS Early Show: Thursday, March 5.<br /><br /><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxeyF3KVFoGf51stJyyMOiT0YK3GhIsrlEBi-uAWHOhTE1mODvYnKuiXTsWGvRYRDX_MGlyH1iWwxturJCstg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe>National MS Society - Utah State Chapterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11582417906143203522noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8086790062212676105.post-10109209196372350972009-03-05T15:26:00.000-08:002009-03-05T15:52:06.645-08:00Today is Advocacy Day during MS Awareness week.<br /><br />Representative Barbara Lee (CA), one of our MS Champions on Capitol Hill, led a resolution recognizing MS Awareness Week in Congress. Attached is a clip from C-SPAN that shows Rep. Lee’s remarks as well as those of several other Members of Congress, including one of our Caucus Co-Chairs – Representative Russ <span class="blsp-spelling-error" id="SPELLING_ERROR_0">Carnahan</span> (MO). Note his orange tie!<br /><br /><object height="340" width="365"><param name="movie" value="http://www.c-spanarchives.org/flash/cspanPlayer.swf?pid=284411-101&clipStart=2564.82&clipStop=3712.88&autoplay=0"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><embed src="http://www.c-spanarchives.org/flash/cspanPlayer.swf?pid=284411-101&clipStart=2564.82&clipStop=3712.88&autoplay=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" width="365" height="340"></embed></object>National MS Society - Utah State Chapterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11582417906143203522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8086790062212676105.post-68103887013076763712009-03-03T14:14:00.000-08:002009-03-03T14:39:03.201-08:00MS News on Today ShowRecent therapy advances for the treatment of MS show promise. The <a href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22425001/vp/29481402#29481402">Today Show segment</a> is very informative.<br /><br /><div><iframe height="339" width="425" src="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22425001/vp/29481402#29481402" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe><style type="text/css">.msnbcLinks {font-size:11px; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #999; margin-top: 5px; background: transparent; text-align: center; width: 425px;} .msnbcLinks a {text-decoration:none !important; border-bottom: 1px dotted #999 !important; font-weight:normal !important; height: 13px;} .msnbcLinks a:link, .msnbcLinks a:visited {color: #5799db !important;} .msnbcLinks a:hover, .msnbcLinks a:active {color:#CC0000 !important;} </style><p class="msnbcLinks">Visit msnbc.com for <a href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/">Breaking News</a>, <a href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032507">World News</a>, and <a href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032072">News about the Economy</a></p></div>National MS Society - Utah State Chapterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11582417906143203522noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8086790062212676105.post-7656685172000372722009-01-23T09:25:00.000-08:002009-01-23T09:30:31.240-08:00Hello and WelcomeWelcome to the bolg for the National MS Society - Utah State Chapter.<br /><br />The National MS Society is a collective of passionate individuals who want to do something about MS now—to move together toward a world free of multiple sclerosis. MS stops people from moving. We exist to make sure it doesn't.<br /><br />We help each person address the challenges of living with MS through our 50-state network of chapters. The Society helps people affected by MS by funding cutting-edge research, driving change through advocacy, facilitating professional education, and providing programs and services that help people with MS and their families move their lives forward.<br />We are moving research forward by relentlessly pursuing prevention, treatment and cure.<br />We are moving to reach out and respond to individuals, families and communities living with multiple sclerosis.<br /><br />We are moving politicians and legislation to champion the needs of people with MS through activism, advocacy and influence.<br /><br />We are moving to mobilize the millions of people who want to do something about MS now.<br /><br />JOIN THE MOVEMENT <a href="http://www.curemsutah.org/">cureMSutah.org</a>National MS Society - Utah State Chapterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11582417906143203522noreply@blogger.com0